By Doug Hargrave
At first glance this
seems to be a simple question which should have an easy answer. In actuality
the answer to this question is much more complicated. There are two factors
that must be quantified in order to determine if a particular masonry heater
design will heat a defined square foot area.
One factor, which is relatively easy to determine, is the maximum heat
output of the masonry heater. The other factor, determining the heat load
(loss) of a defined square foot area under the coldest conditions, is more
difficult.
While it is difficult
to make an accurate claim as to the amount of space a particular masonry heater
design will heat, it is possible based on the amount of wood burned, to
accurately predict its BTU output and to define its heat storage capacity. On the other hand, determining the heat load
of a home requires a heat loss calculation of the floors, walls and ceiling
based on their insulation properties, a determination of the homes efficiency
in terms of outside air infiltration and inside leaks, and finally the heat
load must be adjusted to the heating degree days for the geographic location of
the home.
The following question
and responses recently appeared on the members chat forum for the Masonry
Heater Association of North America.
Question:
What can you expect out
of a masonry heater with (the home) insulation being average to slightly above
average? It would be nice to know how many Btu’s or how many square feet a
typical heater will take care of.
Respondent A
That is a loaded question, and you can get into a lot of trouble promising a customer
to heat xx square feet. We have one heater heating a 2800 sq. ft.
super-insulated house in a cold climate. An identical one was built in a milder
climate, and is incapable of heating a 1000 sq. ft. "poorly
insulated" house. "Insulated" is a misnomer, since leakiness is
often a bigger factor than insulation. "Efficiency" would be a better
term, or "low energy" or even better "low heating load".
You are better off to
quote the heat output of the heater, and leave it be the client's
responsibility to determine how much of his heating load it will cover. You can
also quote some magic voodoo stuff about radiant heat. While real, it is much
harder to quantify.
The generally
accepted maximum output of a large heater is 20,000 BTU/hr, or 6 kW. One of
those cube shaped 220V shop heaters is about 5 kW, so imagine one of those
blowing continuously.
To get 20,000
BTU/hr, you need to burn about 100 lbs of 20% moisture wood at 70% efficiency.
Typically, that will be two 50 lb fires per day. If you try to build a heater
larger than that, you really need to know what you are doing, or be guaranteed
durability problems.
Some companies up
the rating of their heaters by specifying 3 fires per day. So you'd get 20,000
BTU/hr with a 33 lb capacity firebox.
Respondent B
(Respondent A) is correct: The
only thing you can safely guarantee is output. If the heater is planned as the
major heat source, I ask people to provide heat loss statement to compare with
heater's output. I also can give them rough assessment of heater's capabilities
bases on the max output for a reasonably largest possible heater at 25000 Btu/hr,
extreme cases, 30000btu hr, and on rule of thumb for heat loss per sq ft
related to the estimated R-value of their outside walls. The numbers for this
rule of thumb were given at least a couple of times in this forum in the past.
Super insulated home (R30 walls +) will have heat loss of 10Btu per sq ft or
less, while a century home without any insulation may be in 40-50 Btu per sq
ft.
Respondent A (additional comments)
Super insulated
home (R30 walls +) will have heat loss of 10Btu per sq ft or less, while a
century home without any insulation may be in 40-50 Btu per sq ft.
Using this rule of thumb, for a 20,000 BTU/hr heater: Super insulated house: 2,000 sq. ft. Un-insulated century house: 400 sq. ft. You also have to factor in location. Ottawa Canada
has 8,100 heating degree-days. Vancouver has 4,700. A house in Ottawa
with 2,000 sq. ft. is equivalent to 3,500 sq. ft. in Vancouver
or 1,150 sq. ft. in Fairbanks
AK in terms of heating load.
Respondent C
Generally speaking more mass means more heat capacity. Not all houses are
constructed equally or in the same geographic location and not everyone burns
their heater the same. Also not all heaters are placed in a central location,
so the buyer must be informed that the rating may be reduced based on
location. I always tell potential buyers
that no matter what, "they will always have a zone of comfortable heat output"
if the power goes out.
Respondent D
To be on the safe
side, it is a good idea to ask the home owner to have an energy audit done on
their house. These audits are not
expensive and will show where the cold spots are in the house. On the blower
test, the inspector can determine the square footage of air leaving the house
through leaks and can show where the leaks are. This is money well spent and
will have a lifetime of positive effects.
Respondent A:
+Norbert Senf – Masonry Stove Builders, Shawville,
Quebec
Respondent B: +Alex
Chernov – Stovemaster, Caledon,
Ontario
Respondent C: +Doug
Hren – Masonry Heater Design House, Hickory
Corners, Michigan
Respondent D: +Gary
Hart – Aaron’s Ltd. Alternative Energy, High Ridge, Missouri
The workshop will be presented by the MHA Wood-Fired Bake Oven
Committee, whose members are professional masons specializing in
residential and commercial brick oven building. The committee is
currently working on changes in codes and standards, professional oven
building training, public awareness, and an oven portfolio focusing on
dome and arch brick ovens, squirrel tail ovens, and cob ovens. The
portfolio will be available to professional masons. 
